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    2006-10-23

    GMAT关键语法

    一点说明:虽然我们中学的时候就学过定语从句同位语从句,但你真正掌握了么,此二为GMAT核心从句考察类型。要以为他们很简单,当套上复杂的语法结构和一辈子见不到几次的单词,你还能够清晰认清它们的结构么
     
    两个必备从句之定语从句
    1、Defining Attributive Clauses
       1>大多数定语从句对所修饰次的意思加以限制,表示“…的人(或东西)”,称为限定性定语从句。
         例:The  man who robbed him has been arrested.
       2>这类从句多由关系代词(a)或关系副词(b)引导:
         例:(a:who,whom,whose,which,that)The friend with whom I was traveling spoke French.
             (b:where,when,why)These are the reasons why we do it.
       3>在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都可以省略,特别是在口语中,在被修饰的词为all,everything等词时尤其如此:
         例:Have you got everything you need?
       4>有些表示时间的定语从句并不由when引导,特别是在某些句型中:
         例:Come any time you like.
         Where间或也可省略:
         例:This's the place (where) we met yesterday.
         在way后也可跟一定语从句,不需关系代词或副词:
         例:That's the way I look at it.
    2、Non-defining Attributive Clauses
       1>非限定性定语从句对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用,而只是补充一些说明,通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开,再译成中文时,这个从句多译成一个并列句。限定性定语从句拿掉以后,句子意思常发生变化,甚至不成立,而非限定性定语从句拿掉以后对剩下部分没有太大影响。
         例:This house, for which he paid $150,000, is now worth $300,000.
       *应注意的是,在这类从句中不能使用关系代词that和关系副词why,也不能省略任何关系副词(关系代词可省略),这类从句主要出现在书面语中。
       2>在非限定性定语从句中which和whom常可和of或其他介词连用:
         例:I picked up the apples, some of which are badly bruised.
             This morning some port wine arrived, for which I know I have to thank you.
       3>which有时不代表一个名词,而代表前面句子的全部或部分意思(此项GMAT不适用,在GMAT遇到which指代整句一定错)
    3、其他定语从句
       1>as也可以用作关系代词,可引导定语从句、主要和such连用:
         例:Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco.
         such as连在一起:
         例:We hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.
         as还可单独引导定语从句:
         例:As was expected, he performed the task with success.
       2>but也可用作关系代词来引导定语从句,意思接近于that(who)...not[此用法outdated不推荐]
         There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不钦佩他的才华。
       3〉whereby,wherein,whereupon也可引导定语从句:(whereby=by where,wherein=in where,whereupon=upon where)
     
    两个必备从句之同位语从句
    1、用名词、代词或数词作同位语
       1>在名词后常可跟另一名词作它的同位语,说明它指谁:
         a>限定性同位语:它和前面的名词(代词)关系比较紧密,中间没有逗号把它们分开:
           例:He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy.
         b>非限定性同位语:它和前面名词的关系比较松散,中间通常有一个逗号把它们分开:(多数)
           例:We completed the project in six months, half the usual time.
       2>有些同位语时代词(a)或是数词(b):
         例:(a)We each put forward a proposal.
             (b)Is there for us two?
    2、用形容词或词组作同位语
       1>有些同位语可以是形容词:
         例:People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors.
       2>有些同位语结构复杂一些,带有一个副词或代词:
         例:These methods, systematically summarized, are now being popularized in the whole country.
       3>有些同位语结构更复杂一点,由for example, including等引导:
         例:They visit eight cities, for example, London and Paris.
    3、同位语从句
       1>有很多名词后可以跟that引导的从句,说明其内容称为同位语从句。
         例:He presented evidence that his thesis was based on original research.
       2>同位语从句有时和前面的名词分开:
         例:The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.
       3>在少数情况下可用连接副(代)词引导的从句作同位语:
         例:You have no idea how worried I was.
    几点注意:1、在GMAT中,优先使用名词 而非 代词;
                 2、在GMAT中,句末同位语 优于 过去分词done 优于 定语从句;